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Doble Power Factor Calculator
Related topic: Bushing power factor
( This formula is valid only for Test kV=10 because 10 kV was used in the formula derivation see below. )
FIGURE 2
Visualizing the current flow in a capacitor
Credit to : Chetvorno from Wikimedia Commons
If NaN or infinity message shows up, ignore it. Continue entering your data.
Formula Recall: (%)PF = (test data in watts x 10) / test data in mA
The calculator use in EQUATION 1 accounts for the multiplication of 10 to get the power factor express in percentage, see Figure 4 shown below for derivation of formula.
Enter your Doble M4100 Test report reading below. This equation is VALID if your Applied TEST VOLTAGE is 10 kV. If your Applied TEST VOLTAGE is 2 kV. Then your multiplying factor should be 50 instead of 10. See figure 4 below to see the derivation of the formula
EQUATION 1
Given: watts = 0.596;
mA = 24.78 ;
% P.F. = 0.24
|
Calculated PF in (%)
| = |
watts X 10 test data in Watts
mA test data in mA, total charging current, It
|
Capacitance ( in pF) =
test data in mA x 265 EQUATION 2
Go to Figure 5 shown below to learn more how the 265 constant value was derived.
Remember capacitance measurement is in picoFarad (pF) and it is directly proportional to Doble M4000 test data in mA , see EQUATION 2 above. Assuming the Doble M4000 test data in watts has very small variations for three years assuming that is your time based maintenance interval.
A transformer that suffered deformation on its windings and core geometry due to internal fault will usually show downward trending of capacitance reading value.
Capacitance Downward Trend
A perfect insulator or capacitor has a power factor reading of 0 % (% P.F = 0 ) as shown by mathematical computation but not in real world application. Try EQUATION 1 and do a simulation by increasing the total charging current It = 70 mA, or until the power factor reading is 0.0851 %. You will notice that you will get a very high capacitance reading value = 18,550 picoFarad ( pF ) therefore confirming the mathematical EQUATION 1 of a perfect insulator or capacitor has a power factor reading of approximately equal to zero ( 0 ) % P.F.
Assuming you have a baseline capacitance value of your transformer during factory test and your historical capacitance reading is trending downward therefore it is a warning indicator that internal damage in winding or core is possible provided your watts reading is almost constant.
Memory recall capacitance formula = ( Area * dielectric constant )/ (12.57 * distance between plates).
Where did you get the constant value 12.57 ? Answer it comes from simplifying 4 π see the capacitance equation shown below in FIGURE 6
Looking at the capacitance formula (see Figure 6 below) it is easy to see that decreasing Area and increasing distance between plates can cause the capacitance value reading to trend downward. Hence it is a good warning indicator that something is changed in winding and/or core geometry possibly from withstanding external transient fault overcurrent from transmission lines and internal transformer fault.
A strong impact during delivery of transformer to a site location enough to deform the internal geometry of a transformer will also exhibit a downward trending in capacitance reading value. Again looking at the capacitance formula, the plate area of capacitor referring to representation model might shrink or deformed due to a large gravitational force during installation or due to a large acceleration force during delivery and hence lowering the calculated value of Area. Since Area is directly proportional to capacitance value any reduction in Area will be captured by the downward trending of the capacitance reading.
A transformer that has lots of contaminants on its insulating oil and paper will usually show an increasing trend of watts reading value and also increasing power factor (%) reading. Example of contaminants to oil and papers are moisture, arcing byproducts and metallic particles from forced oil motors. Most probably the contaminants are water or moisture due to gasket leaks.
To emphasize even if the charging mA current is rated in good condition meaning almost constant the percentage change is 0 - 3% . But if the power factor is continue to trend upward, it means the transformer is getting wet due to gasket leaks or more resistive contaminant to oil such as arcing byproducts or thermal fault byproduct o metallic particles from forced oil motors.
| Baseline mA | Range | % Change | Rating |
| 24.78 mA | 24.79 - 25.52 mA | 0 - 3% | Good |
| 24.78 mA | 25.65 - 26.0 mA | 3.5 - 5 % | Deteriorated |
| 24.78 mA | 26.14 - 27.26 mA | 5.5 - 10% | Investigate |
| 24.78 mA | 27.38 mA and above | Above 10% | Bad |
Watts trending upward
Moisture or water is known as polar (molecule) contaminants referring to chemical definition of polar molecule. Polar molecules can be easily understood by drawing its atomic outer orbit. When electron in outer orbit are shared by another atom we say polar bonding happen (hence called polar molecule). Why this knowledge is important in oil contamination analysis? As you can see there are 6 more free electrons from the oxygen atom that can be attracted by copper atoms in winding, iron atom in lamination, and steel plate frame support. Remember oxidation is loss of electrons.The drawing below is helpful to see that oxygen molecules is the source of that loss of electrons.
To prevent the copper atoms and iron atom to attract the free electrons from oxygen we add inhibitor in our oil. What it does is the free electrons from oxygen will bond first on these inhibitor therefore preventing it to bond on copper winding, laminated steel sheet, and steel frame support. So next time you read your oxygen report from DGA analysis try to see also your required inhibitor to protect your copper winding, iron steel plates, and lamination from oxidation.
Try a simulation by increasing the wattage reading using the above calculator and you will see the increase of power factor (P.F.) reading as wattage reading is increased.
CHL is the dielectric insulation between High Side Windings , lumped sum area as upper plate and Low Side Windings, lumped sum area as lower plate in capacitance model. It is also called inter winding insulation.
FIGURE 1
FIGURE 2
Visualizing the current flow in a capacitor
Credit to : Chetvorno from Wikimedia Commons
In a perfect insulator or capacitor, electrical current cannot actually flow through between two conductive plates because the dielectric material between two plates would not allow it. But due to contaminants there is an internal leakage current flowing between plates through these contaminants. These contaminants are due to moisture ingress inside the main tank of a transformer because of worn out gaskets in bushings and other gasketed interface connection, arcing byproducts, and metallic particles. Doble Test #2. (CH) and Doble Test #6 (CL) are example of these insulator or capacitor. Test #2 CH - INSULATION testing is about measuring the total leakage current flowing through contaminants between the high voltage winding as plate #1 and grounded tank is the plate # 2 . The dielectric materials between the two capacitor plates model are the thermally upgraded kraft papers used to cover each rectangular high voltage winding conductor plus the insulating oil. The possible contaminants are moisture, arcing byproduct and metallic particles that can be absorbed by kraft papers and oil.
During Overall Test of power transformer using Doble M4000 series test instrument the H1-H2-H3 bushings are shorted and are energized by 10 kV voltage source and there is a safe leakage current flowing through these contaminant and return to the ground. The value of these safe leakage current is in mA. Refer to Figure 1 , Figure 2 and sample test data for Test #2, the total leakage current is 9.077 mA.
FIGURE 3 - Tangent Delta , abbreviated as Tan Delta. It is also known as Dissipation Factor (DF)
FIGURE 4 - Derivation of 10 multiplying factor (100/10 = 10) for 10 kV applied test voltage
Derivation of 50 multiplying factor (100/2 = 50 ) for 2 kV applied test voltage
FIGURE 5 - Derivation of 265 multiplying factor. Here the mA is the leakage current measurement value multiplied by the constant 265 to get the value of Capacitance in picofarad (pF). Very important to remember, always verify if the test voltage used during the testing is 10 kV or 10,000 V otherwise the 265 multiplying factor is not valid because it was derived using the 10 kV assumption.
FIGURE 6
Credit: Doble Engineering
Formula Recall: (%)PF = (test data in watts x 10) / test data in mA
Formula Recall: Capacitance (in picoFarad) = test data in mA x 265
Related topic
Related topic:
You Tube Partial Discharge Measurement and Simulation from CWIEME
There is a big chance that the link was removed by CWIEME for new presentation
Partial Discharge Explanation
Partial Discharge Testing
3PARD PD Analysis
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